MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

We encourage all students to conduct self study and research each answer.  However, we do understand that at times there is some confusion between the choice set of answers.  Please contact admin at bhpc.nfo@gmail.com for tentative answers to the questions listed below.

What is the principal grape variety for Jullenas AC?

    1. Pinot Noir
    2. Cabernet Sauvignon
    3. Merlot
    4. Gamay

The Willamette Valley is ideal for growing Pinot Noir because of the

  1. dry continental climate
  2. humid maritime climate
  3. moderate maritime climate
  4. humid subtropical climate

Where is the wine producing region of Rueda?

  1. Chile
  2. Argentina
  3. Spain
  4. Portugal

In which sub-region of the Loire Valley is Chinon?

  1. Central Vineyards
  2. Touraine
  3. Anjou-Saumur
  4. Nantais

What style of wine is Cahors AC?

  1. light bodied, fruity red
  2. high acid, dry white
  3. full bodied red
  4. medium sweet white

Which one of the following is used to protect wine from oxidation?

  1. Sulfur Dioxide
  2. Kieselguhr
  3. Acetic Acid
  4. Hot bottling

Where on a vine is the fruit produced?

  1. old wood
  2. last year’s canes
  3. this year’s shoots
  4. last year’s spur

Wachau is an important wine producing region in 

  1. Austria
  2. Germany
  3. Hungary
  4. Italy

Which one of the following best describes Pale Cream Sherry?

  1. Fino that has been sweetened with contracted must.
  2. Cream Sherry to which vino de color has been added.
  3. Full-bodied, rich, nutty, russet-colored wine.
  4. Dessert wine made from the Moscatel grape.

Which one of the following districts has an AC for sparkling wine?

  1. Corbieres
  2. Fitou
  3. Limoux
  4. Minervois

Where are Port shippers’ lodges usually situated?

  1. Lisbon
  2. Vila Nova de Gaia
  3. Porto
  4. Vila Real

How is Beaujolais Nouveau made?

  1. Autovinification
  2. rack and return
  3. barrel fermentation
  4. semi-carbonic maceration

Where is Condrieu AC?

  1. Northern Rhone
  2. Southern Rhone
  3. Cote d Or
  4. Medoc

Which of the following grape varieties is typically used to produce good quality Soave?

  1. Malvasia
  2. Trebbiano
  3. Garganega
  4. Greco

Which one of the following regions has a continental climate?

  1. Auckland
  2. Central Otago
  3. Malborough
  4. Gisborne
 

Which one of the following varieties is used in the production of Madeira?

  1. Tinta Negra
  2. Tempranillo
  3. Torrontes
  4. Tannat

Which one of the following is NOT an example of vine training?

  1. Gobelet
  2. Single Guyot
  3. Cordon de Royal
  4. Folle Blanche

Mauzac, Picpoul and Macabeu are

  1. AC wines from South West France
  2. red grape varieties grown in the Rhone
  3. white grape varieties grown in Southern France
  4. wine regions in Argentina

What is the minimum period of maturation in cask and bottle for a Spanish red Reserva wine?

  1. 18 months
  2. 2 years
  3. 3 years
  4. 4 years

What are the deposits of crystals which may sometimes be found in a bottle of white wine?

  1. yeast
  2. sugar
  3. tartrates
  4. sulfur

What does the term ‘Classico” mean on an Italian wine label?

  1. The wine has a higher alcohol content than a non-Classico wine
  2. Only local grape varieties are used.
  3. The wine is aged in oak.
  4. The grapes are grown in the original part of the region.

What is the best temperature range for fermenting white wine?

  1. below 12C (53.6F)
  2. 12 – 22C (53.6 – 71.6F)
  3. 23 – 32C (73.4 – 89.6F)
  4. 33 – 42C (91.4 – 107.6F) 

In Champagne production, which one of the following starts the second fermentation?

  1. Disgorgement
  2. Liqueur de Tirage
  3. Riddling
  4. Dosage

Which one of the following villages in Cotes du Rhone is entitled to its own AC?

  1. Sablet
  2. Valreas
  3. Vacqueyras
  4. Chusclan

Which soil type predominates in the steeply slopping vineyard sites of the Mosel?

  1. chalk
  2. clay
  3. granite 
  4. slate

Where does Coronas AC come from?

  1. Rhone
  2. Loire
  3. Burgundy
  4. Alsace

Which of the following wines can be produced in a dry style?

  1. Auslese
  2. Beerenauslese
  3. Kabinett
  4. Spatlese
    • 3 only
    • 1 only
    • 2 and 4 only
    • 1, 3 and 4 only

Which one of the following wines is made almost entirely from Syrah?

  1. Saint – Joseph
  2. Saint Estephe
  3. Saint – Gervais
  4. Saint Julien

Which of the following grape varieties may be used to produce ‘Vendange Tardive’ wines?

  1. Riesling
  2. Pinot Blanc
  3. Pinot Noir
  4. Gewurtraminer 
    • 1 and 2 only
    • 1 and 3 only
    • 1 and 4 only
    • 1, 2 and 4 only

Which of the following lists the three key white varieties grown in South Africa?

  1. Chardonnay, Pinot Gris, Colombard
  2. Chenin Blanc, Chardonnay, Riesling
  3. Pinot Gris, Riesling, Colombard
  4. Chenin Blanc, Chardonnay, Colombard

You are selling a barrique-aged Chardonnay Estate Wine made in South Africa.  Which of the factors listed below contribute towards the high sale price of the wine?

  1. The cost of purchasing premium grapes.
  2. Being very selective in the grapes used to make the wine.
  3. The cost of new oak barrels
  4. The high volume of wine production
    • 1 and 3 only
    • 2 and 3 only
    • 1 and 4 only
    • 2 and 4 only

Which one of the following areas is renowned for premium Pinot Noir?

  1. Hawke’s Bay
  2. Martinborough
  3. Auckland
  4. Gisborne

Which one of the following is a recently created crossing of two Vitis vinifera varieties?

  1. Pinot Noir
  2. Pinot Gris
  3. Pinotage
  4. Pinot Blanc

Riddling is the process of

  1. moving sediment towards of the neck of a champagne bottle
  2. expelling sediment from a champagne bottle
  3. blending still wines
  4. ageing wine

Which of the following factors do winemakers rely on to ensure top quality fruit production in Mendoza?

  1. high altitude
  2. steep south-facing slopes
  3. intense sunlight
  4. melt water
    • 1 and 4 only
    • 2, 3 and 4 only
    • 2 and 3 only
    • 1, 3 and 4 only

Which one of the following statements is true?

  1. Pouilly-Fuisse AC is one of the richest and most full bodied white Burgundies
  2. Rully AC produces more red than white wine
  3. AC wines from northern Beaujolais are lighter and have less finesse than those produced sough of Villefranche
  4. Bourgogne Aligote AC tends to be high in alcohol and low in acidity

Which one of the following maturation vessels is most likely ot alter the flavor of wine?

  1. epoxy-lined tank
  2. large old chestnut cask
  3. stainless steel tank
  4. small new oak cask

Which of the followinng correctly identifies the region of production and the main grape variety used for the wines of Langhe?

           Region           Grape Variety

  1. Piemonte        Nebbiolo
  2. Trentino          Teroldego
  3. Tuscany           Sangiovese
  4. Marche            Montepulciano

 

Spatburgunder is a 

  1. sparkling white wine
  2. sparkling red wine
  3. black grape variety
  4. white grape variety

Why is pasteurisation sometimes used in winemaking?

  1. it is part of the fining process
  2. it is a method of filtration
  3. it gives chemical stability
  4. it gives microbiological stability

What is the minimum period of maturation in cask and bottle for a Spanish red Reserva wine?

  1. 18 months
  2. 2 years
  3. 3 years
  4. 4 years

Whiich one of the following is a Jerez soil type?

  1. Airen
  2. Aligote
  3. Albariza
  4. Anada

Finger Lakes AVA in New York State is best known for producing.

  1. old vine Zinfandel
  2. aromatic Riesling
  3. fortified Muscat
  4. full-bodied Grenache

Which of the following wines comes from the Cote de Nuits?

  1. Vosne-Romanee
  2. Vacqueyras
  3. Vouvray
  4. Volnay

Asti DOCG is in

  1. North-east Italy
  2. North-west Italy
  3. Central Italy
  4. Southern Italy

Compared to the Central Valley Region, the climate in Chile’s Southern Region is 

  1. cooler and drier
  2. hotter and wetter
  3. cooler and wetter
  4. hotter and drier

What is the principle grape variety for Chenas AC?

  1. Cabernet Franc
  2. Syrah
  3. Gamay
  4. Pinot Noir

Which one of the following combinations of vineyard features would maximize sunlight exposure in the Southern hemisphere?

                Gradient               Orientation

    1. gentle            north facing
    2. steep             south facing
    3. gentle            south facing
    4. steep              north facing

Which one of the following grape varieties is most likely to be used in good quality Frascati DOC?

  1. Pinot Bianco
  2. Malvasia 
  3. Verdicchio
  4. Trebbiano

What classic wine is produced from a blend of grape varieties including Touriga Nacional, Tinta Roriz and Touriga Franca?

  1. Banyuls
  2. Madeira
  3. Marsala
  4. Port

Which one of the following ACs produces both red and white wine?

  1. Monbazillac
  2. Bergerac
  3. Cahors
  4. Madiran

Naoussa is known for producing

  1. red wines with high tannin and acid
  2. red wines with low tannin and acid
  3. white wines with light body and high acid
  4. white wines with full body and low acid 

What is the name of the local councils which administer DO’s in Spain?

  1. Comissao Regiao
  2. Consejo Regulador
  3. Consorzio
  4. Denominacion de Origen

Which of the following wines can be produced in a dry style?

  1. Auslese
  2. Beerenauslese
  3. Kabinett
  4. Spatlese
    • 3 only
    • 1 only
    • 2 and 4 only
    • 1, 3 and 4 only

Which one  of the following best describes White Zinfandel wine?

  1. a dry wine with oak ageing
  2. a sweet white wine
  3. a medium sweet pale rose
  4. a sparkling wine made from black grapes

Which one of the following is best known for high quality red wines made from blending Sangiovese with Cabernet Sauvignon and / or other international varieties.

  1. Bolgheri
  2. Barbaresco
  3. Gavi
  4. Bardolino

Which of the following is typically an inexpensive white wine?

  1. Savennieres AC
  2. Entre-Deux-Mers AC
  3. Barsac AC
  4. Pessac-Leognan AC

What is the term to describe vines which have all been propagated from a single selected plant?

  1. Crossing
  2. Clone
  3. Hybrid
  4. Scion

Melon Blanc is sometimes referred to as

  1. Chenin Blanc
  2. Muscadet
  3. Cot
  4. Sauvignon Blanc

Which of the following are wine producing regions in Argentia?

  1. Rio Negro
  2. San Luis Obispo
  3. Itata
  4. San Juan
    • 1 and 3 only
    • 2 and 3 only
    • 2 and 4 only
    • 1 and 4 only

Which of the following is the warmest sub-region of Rioja?

  1. Alta
  2. Alavesa
  3. Baja
  4. Navarra

Which one of the following describes a wine made by carbonic maceration?

  1. soft, fruity, early maturing
  2. deep colored, tannic, for long ageing
  3. medium swee, semi-sparkling
  4. pale colored, light in alcohol

Martinborough is renowned for producing

  1. bulk Chenin Blanc
  2. premium Pinot Noir
  3. premium Merlot
  4. dessert wine

Which one of the following has growing conditions described as “near perfect” warm with cooling ocean winds and a ready supply of irrigation water from the mountains.”?

  1. Canada
  2. Chile
  3. Chablis
  4. California

Which one of the following grape varieties is known for production of powerful dry white wines in Hungary?

  1. Olasz Rizling
  2. Furmint
  3. Kadarka
  4. Kekfrankos

Which one of the following grape varieties is most likely to be used in good quality Frascati DOC?

  1. Pinot Bianco
  2. Malvasia
  3. Verdicchio
  4. Trebbiano

Which of the following are specified under French AC regulations?

  1. period of ageing
  2. planting density
  3. permitted grape variety(ies)
  4. maximum yield per hectare
    • 1, 3 and 4 only
    • 1, 2, 3 and 4
    • 3 and 4 only
    • 2, 3 and 4 only

Where is the Margaret River wine region?

  1. South Australia
  2. Riverland
  3. Hunter Valley
  4. Western Australia

Spatburgunder is a 

  1. sparkling white wine
  2. sparkling red wine
  3. black grape variety
  4. white grape variety

Which of the following areas listed below famously benefit from morning fog?

  1. Clare Valley
  2. Coonawarra
  3. Campania
  4. Casablanca Valley

Where is Minervois AC?

  1. Languedoc-Roussllion
  2. Provence
  3. Southern Rhone
  4. Northern Rhone

Which one of the following is a European vine species?

  1. Vitis vinifera
  2. Vitis labrusca
  3. Vitis amurensis
  4. Vitis riparia

What is the minimum period of cask maturation for a red Rioja Gran Reserva wine?

  1. 12 months
  2. 18 months
  3. 24 months
  4. 30 months

In which sub-region of the Loire Valley is Chinon?

  1. Central Vineyards
  2. Touraine
  3. Anjou-Saumur
  4. Nantais

Ice wine is a specialty of 

  1. Australia
  2. Canada
  3. Chile
  4. Hungary

In red winemaking, what is extracted mainly from the pulp of the grape?

  1. Fruit acids
  2. Bitter oils
  3. Tannins
  4. Yeasts

Where is St-Joseph AC?

  1. Bordeaux
  2. Rhone
  3. Loire
  4. Provence

Which German wine region is protected by Haardt mountains?

  1. Pfalz
  2. Rheingau
  3. Nahe
  4. Mosel

Surface filters are used to remove

  1. yeasts and unfermented sugars
  2. yeasts and bacteria
  3. unfermented sugars and bacteria
  4. yeasts, unfermented sugars and bacteria

Alta, Alavesa and Baja are sub-regions of which wine producing area?

  1. Navarra
  2. Rioja
  3. La Mancha
  4. Penedes

Which one of the following combinations of features of an oak maturation cask will have the greater effect on the taste and style of a wine?

  1. large size, old wood
  2. small size, old wood
  3. large size, new wood
  4. small size, new wood

Mauzac, Picpoul and Macabeu are

  1. AC wines from South West France
  2. red grape varieties grown in the Rhone
  3. white grape varieties grown in Southern France
  4. wine regions in Argentina

In which one of the following locations would a vineyard have a continental climate?

  1. close to a cold ocean current
  2. next to a large lake
  3. in the middle of a substantial landmass
  4. on a small island

Which of the floolowing can be used to arrest the fermentation process?

  1. sulfur dioxide
  2. alcohol
  3. temperature
  4. filtration
    • 1 only
    • 2 and 3 only
    • 1, 2 and 4 only
    • 1, 2, 3 and 4 

Sicily is known for producing wine from which grape variety?

  1. Dolcetto
  2. Nebbiolo
  3. Corvina
  4. Nero d’Avola

Viticulture in Cafayate is significantly influenced by

  1. on-shore fog
  2. high altitude
  3. noble rot
  4. high rainfall

Which part of Spain is known for its damp climate and white wine production?

  1. the north-west
  2. the north-east
  3. the south-east
  4. the centre

Which one of the following wines is predominantly produced from Merlot?

  1. Entre-Deux-Mers AC
  2. Pomerol AC
  3. Pessac-Leognan AC
  4. Saint-Julien AC

Trockenbeerenausiese wines usually have an alcohol level of approximately 

  1. 7.5%
  2. 12.5%
  3. 14.5%
  4. 17.5%

Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?

  1. South Australia and Margaret River
  2. New South Wales and Coonawarra
  3. Victoria and Mornington Peninsula
  4. Western Australia and McLaren Vale

Which one of the following grape varieties is used in Cava production?

  1. Airen
  2. Xarel-lo
  3. Palomino
  4. Mazuelo

Where in France is Pays d’ Oc IGP produced?

  1. South West France
  2. Provence
  3. Languedoc-Roussillon
  4. Loire

Which one of the following has a reputation for producing good quality Sauvignon Black?

  1. Casablanca
  2. Graciano
  3. Maipo
  4. Sierra Foothills

Nema produces red wine from whic hone of the following grape varieties?

  1. Agiorgitiko
  2. Xinomavro
  3. Assyrtiko
  4. Savatiano

Which Portuguese region is noted for wines made from the Alvarinho grape?

  1. Alentejo
  2. Douro
  3. Ribatejo
  4. Vinho Verde

Which new world country has a certificate of origin system, usually indicated by a seal on the bottle neck?

  1. South Africa
  2. Chile
  3. Argentina
  4. Australia 

Where are the vineyards of Carneros?

  1. Spain
  2. Piemonte
  3. California
  4. Chile

What is the correct progression through the solera system?

  1. Solera, sobretabla, criandera
  2. Sobretabla, solera, criadera
  3. Criadera, solera, sobretabla
  4. Sobretabla, criadera, solera

Which Australian district usually produces grapes for bulk wine production?

  1. Riverina
  2. Yarra Valley
  3. Margaret River
  4. Rutherglen

Which Italian region produces Brunello di Montalicino DOCG?

  1. Umbria
  2. Piemonte
  3. Lazio
  4. Tuscany

In which of the following locaitons would a vineyard have a continental climate?

  1. close to a cold ocean current
  2. next to a large lake
  3. in the middle of a substantial landmass
  4. on a small island

Which district is renowned for terra rossa soil?

  1. Mornington Peninsula
  2. Mildara
  3. Coonawarra
  4. Riverina 

Which one of the following statements is true?

  1. all cava must be produced in the region of Penedes
  2. cava can be produced in any region of Spain
  3. cava is produced in a number of designated regions in Spain
  4. cava can be produced from grapes grown anywhere in Europe

The climate of Chile enjoys a beneficial effect from the

  1. Atacama Desert
  2. Benguela Current
  3. Columbia River
  4. Humboldt Current

What is Phylloxera?

  1. a fungus
  2. a virus
  3. an insect
  4. a worm

Graciano is a

  1. red grape from Spain
  2. white grape from Spain
  3. red grape from Portugal
  4. white grape from Portugal

Where is the region of Burgenland?

  1. Germany
  2. Australia
  3. Austria
  4. South Africa

Muscat de Rivesaltes is a 

  1. sparkling wine from Saumur
  2. sweet SGN from Alsace
  3. dry white wine from the Rhone
  4. fortified wine from Roussillon

Which one of the following is closet in style to Sancerre?

  1. Vouvray
  2. Muscadet
  3. Anjou Blanc
  4. Menetou-Salon

What style of wine is Gavi DOCG?

  1. still dry red
  2. sweet fortified wine
  3. still dry wine
  4. sweet fortified red

Which one of the following is the driest sparkling wine?

  1. brut sec
  2. sec
  3. extra sec
  4. extra brut

Why are red wines fermented at a higher temperature than white wines?

  1. to retain fruit character
  2. to extract color from the skins
  3. to increase the alcohol level
  4. to start malolactic fermentation

Which one of the following best describes Whit Zinfandel wine?

  1. a dry wine with oak ageing
  2. a sweet white wine
  3. a medium sweet pale rose
  4. a sparkling wine made from black grapes

Which of the following regions has a maritime climate?

  1. Alentejo
  2. Dao
  3. Douro
  4. Vinho Verde

When is vintage Port bottled?

  1. less than one year after the harvest
  2. 1.5 to 3 years after harvest
  3. 4 to 6 years after harvest
  4. at least 10 years after harvest

In which country is Vintners’ Quality Alliance used as a lableling term?

  1. Australia
  2. New Zealand
  3. USA
  4. Canada

Where is Condrieu AC?

  1. Northern Rhone
  2. Southern Rhone
  3. Cote d’ Or
  4. Medoc

Place the following pieces of equipment in the correct sequence for the production of white wine.

  1. Press
  2. Maturation cask
  3. Crusher Destalker
  4. Fermentation Vat
    • 3, 4, 1, 2
    • 3, 1, 4, 2
    • 1, 3, 4, 2
    • 1, 4, 3, 2

which one of the following pairs is matched correctly?

  1. South Australia and Yarra Valley
  2. New South Wales and Hunter Valley
  3. Victoria and Mount Barker
  4. Western Australia and Eden Valley

Which of the following grape varieties is predominantly grown in Nantais?

  1. Chenin Blanc
  2. Sauvignon Blanc
  3. Melon Blanc
  4. Grolleau

Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?

  1. Central vineyards and Pouilly-Fume
  2. Nantais and Chinon
  3. Anjou-Saumur and Muscadet
  4. Touraine and Coteaux du Layon

In Champagne, what is Cordon de Royat?

  1. A Grande Marque
  2. A type of vine training
  3. The main regulatory body
  4. A size of bottle

Which region in Austria produces the greatest volume of wine?

  1. Vienna
  2. Niederosterreich
  3. Burgenland
  4. Styria

Which grape variety is Voignier traditionally blended with in the Northern Rhone, and now also in Austria?

  1. Sauvignon Blanc
  2. Syrah
  3. Pinot Noir
  4. Cabernet Sauvignon 

Where is Manzanilla matured?

  1. Jerez de la Frontera
  2. Puerto de Santa Maria
  3. Sanlucar de Barrameda
  4. Chiclana de la Frontera 

Between which two rivers does the district of Entre-Deux-Mers lie?

  1. Dordogne and Saone
  2. Garonne and Rhone
  3. Dordogne and Garonne
  4. Garonne and Marne

Which Australian district usually produces grapes for bulk wine production?

  1. Riverina
  2. Yarra Valley
  3. Margaret River
  4. Rutherglen

Which one of the following regions has a continental climate?

  1. Auckland
  2. Central Otago
  3. Marlborough
  4. Gisborne

Which one of the following is NOT a type of filter?

  1. Kieselguhr
  2. Depth
  3. Heat
  4. Surface

The rainfall levels in Mendoza

  1. present no particular problem
  2. mean irrigation is only needed in very dry years
  3. are so high that rot is a persistent threat
  4. mean irrigation is essential

Which one of the following indicates that a wine has been aged?

  1. Quinta
  2. Beneficio
  3. Ribatejo
  4. Garrafeira

Which one of the following regions is best known for its Riesling wines?

  1. Clare Valley
  2. Casablanca
  3. Mendoza
  4. Marlborough

Which one of the following is the sequence for RED wine production?

  1. crush, press, ferment, mature
  2. crush, ferment, press, mature
  3. press, crush, ferment, mature
  4. press, ferment, crush, mature

Which method is most Sekt produced?

  1. Traditional
  2. Transfer
  3. Tank
  4. Carbonation

What is the term given to the final scale in a solera system?

  1. Anada
  2. Solera
  3. Palma
  4. Criadera

In the classic Bordeaux blend, Cabernet Sauvignon adds

  1. blackcurrant fruit character
  2. sweetness
  3. color
  4. softness
  5. tannin
    • 1, 4 and 5 only
    • 2 and 3 only
    • 1, 3 and 5 only
    • 2 and 4 only

Which one of the following is most influenced by the cool currents from the Antarctic?

  1. Hunter Valley
  2. Limestone Coast
  3. Barossa
  4. Riverina

What is the correct progression through the solera system?

  1. Solera, sobretabla, criadera
  2. Sobretabla, solera, criadera
  3. Criadera, solera, sobretabla
  4. Sobretabla, criadera, solera

Micro-organisms can be killed by

  1. filtration
  2. fining
  3. pasteurisation
  4. micro-oxygenation 

Naoussa is known for producing

  1. red wines with high tannin and acid
  2. red wines with low tannin and acid
  3. white wines with light body and high acid
  4. white wines with full body and low acid

The Willamette Valley is ideal for growing Pinot Noir because of the 

  1. dry continental climate
  2. humid maritime climate
  3. moderate maritime climate
  4. humid subtropical climate

What si the principal grape variety used to make Asti DOCG?

  1. Chardonnay
  2. Moscato
  3. Dolcetto
  4. Trebbiano

Which of the following statements is true?

  1. all Cava must be produced in the region of Penedes
  2. Cava can be produced in any region of Spain
  3. Cava is produced in a number of designated regions in Spain
  4. Cava can be produced from grapes grown anywhere in Europe

The best vineyard soils of Jerez contain a high proportion of 

  1. chalk
  2. clay
  3. sand
  4. schist

Which one of the following villages is entitled to its own separate AC for its Vin Doux Naturel?

  1. Sablet
  2. Cairanne
  3. Vacqueyras
  4. Beaumes de Venise

Which one of the following is NOT a Medoc commune?

  1. St Julien
  2. St Estephe
  3. Pauillac
  4. Pomerol

Which one of the following best describes the wines of Bardolino?

  1. light, fruity red wines
  2. full bodied red wines made from partially dried grapes
  3. dry white wines made from Pinot Grigio
  4. sparkling wines made using the tank method

Which natural feature hast he most impact upon the climate of Mendoza?

  1. The Pacific Ocean
  2. The Atacama desert
  3. The Colorado river
  4. The Andes mountains

In Alsace, what is the Vendange Tardive?

  1. a harvest of under ripe grapes to increase the quality of the final crop
  2. dry to medium sweet wine from late harvest grapes
  3. fully sweet wine from botrytis affected grapes only
  4. the official declaration of the beginning of the harvest

The term “sur lie” on a bottle of Muscadet means that the wine

  1. is aged for 18 months in cask
  2. is a form of specified sub-region
  3. has been bottled directly from the cask containing sediment
  4. should be decanted from the lees in the bottle

What is the more common name for Steen?

  1. Sauvignon Blanc
  2. Chenin Blanc
  3. Riesling
  4. Pinotage

‘Coulure” refers to 

  1. a hybrid
  2. a fungal disease of the vine
  3. non-pollination of flowers
  4. the period when grapes change color

The greater number of top vineyards for Port production are found in

  1. Baxio Corgo
  2. Cima Corgo
  3. Douro Baixo
  4. Douro ao Alto

Which one of the following is the warmest of New Zealands vine growing areas?

  1. Hawke’s Bay
  2. Canterbury
  3. Martinborough
  4. Marlborough

In which country is Gruner Veitliner the most extensively planted grape variety?

  1. South Africa
  2. Austria
  3. Germany
  4. Hungary

In which region is Pouilly-Fuisse AC?

  1. Bordeaux
  2. Burgundy
  3. Rhone
  4. Loire

Which one of the following grape varieties is known for production of powerful dry white wines in Hungary?

  1. Olsaz Rizline
  2. Furmint
  3. Kadarka
  4. Kekfrankos

Grapes from vines planted in terraces known as ‘patamares’ are used to produce

  1. Sherry
  2. Cognac
  3. Madeira
  4. Port

Which one of the following regions is best known for its Riesling wines?

  1. Clare Valley
  2. Casablanca
  3. Mendoza
  4. Marlborough

Albariza is a type of 

  1. maturation cask
  2. grape variety
  3. wine bottle
  4. soil

Which one of the following is used to produce red wines in Bordeaux?

  1. Grenache
  2. Merlot
  3. Semillon
  4. Pinot Noir

Which one of the following best describes the wines of Pouilly Fuisse AC?

  1. light reds and roses made from Pinot Noir
  2. rich whites made from Chardonnay
  3. light reds made from Gamay
  4. dry whites from Aligote

Which of the following are true fo the Riesling grape variety when grown in Germany?

  1. it ripens late
  2. it is only used for still wines
  3. it is the second most widely planted variety
  4. the character differs from region to region
    • 1. 3 and 4 only
    • 2 and 3 only
    • 1 and 4 only
    • 2, 3 and 4 only

Which of the following is the dominant grape variety in the South of France?

  1. Cairanne
  2. Mourvedre
  3. Airen
  4. Grenache

From which grape variety is sparkling Vouvray made?

  1. Chardonnay
  2. Sauvignon Blanc
  3. Meunier
  4. Chenin Blanc

SHORT ESSAY QUESTIONS

A customer is looking for a less expensive alternative to Champagne.  Give examples of four French sparkling wines made by the traditional method that would make suitable alternatives.

  • Cremant d’Alsace AC
  • Saumur AC
  • Vouvray AC
  • Cremant de Limoux AC

What are the three main grape varieties used to produce Champagne, and name the region in Champagne where each one is predominantly grown?

  • Chardonnay            Cote des Blanc / Cotes de Sezanne
  • Pinot Noir                Montage de Riem
  • Mueler                     Vallee de Marne

Give two reasons why most Champagne is non-vintage

  • the 3 years spent on lees ties up income
  • can only use a maximum of 80% of grapes.

Describe what is meant by ‘dosage’ in Champagne production.

  • Dosage is a mixture of wine and cane sugar solution added prior to final bottling.

You produce an inexpensive red wine, ready for drinking shortly or immediately after bottling.  Which vilification technique is most likely to achieve this aim and what would be the resulting style of wine?

  • carbonic maceration  / semi-carbonic maceration
  • lighter in tannin, fruiter, well colored, ready to drink

Your range also includes an inexpensive red wine with oak influence.  List two ways in which this can be achieved without using oak barrels for maturation.

  • oak starves
  • oak chips

Your vineyards are located in a cool climate region.  HOw does this climate influence the style of red wine produced?

  • the wine will have a lower abv, crispy acidity, lighter body and brighter fruit flavors than the same wine produced in a warmer climate

What adjustments to the grape must is likely to be made to increase potential alcohol and how is this achieved?

  • enrichment (adjustment)
  • chapitalization or water/must reduction

What adjustment to the grape must is likely to be required to balance acidity that is too high and what is used in this process?

  • deacidification (adjustment)
  • potassium bicarbonate

Why are vines grafted?

  • head grafting – helps to adjust to market demand of grapes
  • bench grafting – suitable rootsock

What is the best type of glass for serving the following wines and why?

  • Red Wine
    • large-sized glasses, allow air circulation on a large surface giving aroma / flavor development
  • Sparkling Wine
    • flute glass – enhances the aroma effects of the bubbles, allowing travel through a larger volume of wine

Why is it important to polish glasses before use, even those that have been washed in a dishwasher?

  • To ensure glasses are clean and free from dust or detergent that can cause strange flavors 

What is the best method of chilling white wine in an ice bucket and why?

  • Fill the ice bucket 3/4 of equal ice and water so that the bottle is surrounded
    • water transfers heat from the bottle to melt ice; air creates insulation

Your wine list included an inexpensive Valpolicella and a premium price Amarone della Valpolicella.  Explain to your staff ow the two wines differ in style and why they differ in price.

  • How do the two wines differ in style?
    • Valpolicella – light fruity, and best drunk young
    • Amarone della Valpolicella – full bodied, intensely flavored; chocolate, rum, leather, dry red, higher level of alcohol
  • What are the reasons for the price differences?
    • price differences are attributed to the passito process that Amarone della Valpolicella goes through – selection of perfectly healthy bunches, drying space and time needed

An order has been placed for a glass of Chilean Chenin Blanc and a glass of Bourgongne Rouge.  Unfortunately these wines are currently out of stock.  For each wine suggest an alternative made from the same grape variety.

  • Chilean Chenin Blanc:  Vourvay AC
  • Bourgogne Rouge:  Sancerre AC, Napa Canereos AVA Pinot Noir

A customer has asked for an old world alternative for each of the wines listed below.  Suggest an alternative made from the same grape variety.

  • Australian Semillon-Sauvignon:
    • Barsac Semillon-Sauvignon
  • Barossa Valley Shiraz:
    • Cotie Rotie

A customer asks about the differences between the Tokaji and the Eiswein.  Describe the style and production of each.

  • Wine style: Tokjai Aszu 5 puttonyos
    • deep amber, high acidity, intense aromas, honey, orange, apricot flavors, sweet
  • Wine Prodution:  Tokaji Asuz 5 puttonyos
    • 3 categories for grape selection (botrytized indvidiual, botrytized bunches and non impacted)
    • base wine healthy grapes; rotten grapes are macerated in it (2-5 days)
    • mixture is pressed; matured minimum of 3 years (2 in cask) amount of Aszu determines final sweetness
  • Wine style:  Mosel Riesling Eiswein:
    • light body, low alcohol, high acidity balanced by medium sweetness
  • Wine style: Mosel Riesling Eiswein
    • grapes are left on the vine to freeze; frozen water and grapes are pressed together to create higher concentrated must

The wines are Rutherglen Muscat and Muscat de Beaumes de Venise.

  • How do these two wines differ in appearance?
    • Muscat de Beaumes – medium (+) ruby
    • Rutherglen Muscat – color loss, browning, oxydative
  • These are both fortified wines made from Muscat grapes, explain how fortification and choice of grape variety may influence the style of the wine.
    • intense full-bodied, sticky-sweet wine
    • young bottled, immediate consumption, full of flavors from grapes
  • Give TWO example of how production of Rutherglen Muscat DIFFERS from Muscat de Beaumes de Venise
    • juice squeezed from raisining grapes
    • aged in a verions of solera system + oxidative aging

You are the manager of a busy wine shop and have organized a wine tasting for your more important customers.  The theme is “wines from the Loire Valley”

  • A customer expresses an interest in Muscadet de Sevre et Maine sur Lie AC and would like to know a little more about how it is produced.  Explain the following to the customer.
    • Grape variety used and its key characteristics 
      • Melon Blanc – neutral variety; green apple or grassy aromas, early ripening, frost resistant, versatile and food friendly, dry white variety
    • Method of production and its effect on the style of the wine
      1. VSP, summer pruning = concentrated and flavorsome wine
      2. chapitalization; 12% abv max, stainless stee; drink young
      3. bottled directly from tank or cask the spring following winter on its lees; yeast characteristics
  • One of the wines in the tasting is Poully Fume AC 2012.  How would you describe this wine to your customer?
    • Appearance – medium lemon
    • Nose – acidic, lemon, grapefruit
    • Palate – dry, medium -> medium (+) acidity, Sauvignon Blanc, lemon, grapefruit balanced

 

The following questions all relate to Rioja.

  • Name three black grape varieties traditionally grown in Rioja.  What are their characteristics?
    • Grape Variety:  Graciano
    • Characteristics:  black fruit aromas, acidic tannins
    • Grape Variety:  Tempranillo
    • Characteristics: thick skinned, low acidity
    • Grape Variety:  Garnacha 
    • Characteristcs:  matures early, high alcohol wine, intense complexity, full bodied reds
  • Name the three sub-regions of Rioja
    • Alta
    • Baja
    • Alvase
  • Describe the climate of Rioja and its sub-regions.
    • Alta – altitude (500 – 800) non continental extremes
    • Alvesa – west of Logrono, 800 meters altitude (cooling)
    • Baja – east of Logrono, continental (hot summers; severe cold winters)
  •  Describe the blending and maturation option for a red Gran Reserva Rioja
    • wines that have undergone longer maceration times (Tempranillo) with shorter oak ageing; 
    • traditionally new American oak, now some are turning ot French oak
    • Current trend towards single variety and vineyard wines (emphasis on grape and vineyard)
    • 60 months aged, 24 in cask

What techniques can be used, after picking but prior to fermentation to increase the final level of tannin in wine?

  • tannin powder
  • stems and seeds (dont destem)

 

How is malolactic fermentation achieved and what is the principle outcome?

  • it is when lactic acid converts malic acid into softer acids
    • can be achieved by raising wine temperature or not adding SO2 after alcoholic fermentation
      • reduces acidity, becomes source of butter / hazelnut

Why would a winemaker of a Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc wish to avoid malolactic fermentation?

  • using MLF could lose pure fruit aromas, richer and rounder, softer white wines will be less refreshing to drink
  • mlf would make it lose fruit aromas and it will become less refreshing to drink

What is the biggest problem with cork closures?

  • cork taint caused by TCA

How is this problem detected and what effect does it have on the wine?

  • it is detected on the nose and gives a cardboard; moldy aroma

List two alternative closures that can be used instead of cork.

  • screwcaps
  • synthetic corks

When tasting your premium Sancerre AC, many customers asked for suggestions for a New World substitute.  What would you suggest and give TWO reasons for your choice.

  • New World substitute:  Marlborough, New Zealand
  • Reasons for your choice:  
    • intense fruit concentration, high acid levels
    • hints of passion fruit, tomato, creamy oak

You and a friend are staying in a luxury hotel which has a comprehensive wine list including many excellent fortified wines.  Your friend has tried very few fortified wines and so one evening you select different wines to show different styles and quality levels.

  • The first wine you choose is a Manzanilla.  You explain how ‘flor’ plays a key role in determining the style of this wine.
    • What are the conditions flor needs to thrive?
      • Wine is racked off its lees and left in a large unsealed tank feeding off the alcohol in wine and in the air (abv lower than 15%, temperature and humidity 
    • In which town is this wine matured?
      • Sanlucar de Barrameda
  •  
    • How does this location affect the growth of flor?
      • it needs a location with a cool to moderate temperature, near the coast with high humidity
  • Your friend has tried a cheap Tawny Port so the next wine you choose is a 20 year old Tawny.  You explain that they are both blended wines
    • What wines can be blended to make cheap Tawny Port?
      • Tinta Roriz and Tinta Barroca
    • Describe the maturation process used for a 20 year old Tawny Port and how this affects color, flavor and quality?
      • pipes “traditional” wood casks, containing 550 liters 
      • only seasoned casks and vats are used, which asssists in oxidative ageing, resulting in browning, colorloss; walnuts, coffee, chocolate, caramel
  •  
    • What does the age indication on the 20 year old Tawny Port mean?
      • The average age of the blend, and not the youngest component
    • You notice a Colheita Port on the list too.  How do these wines differ from other Ports?
      • vintage dated Tawny Ports – single vintage aged in wood until before sale, minimum 8 years

Madeira wines are known for their baked character.  Name and describe the two methods for achieving this:

  • method 1:
    • Canteiros
  • description:
    •   wines that are left in casks on racks that are heated by the sun
  • method 2:
    • Estufa
  • description:
    • the wine is pumped into stainless steel containers and heated (45-50C) for 3 months

Winemakers can add various substances throughout the winemaking process in order to control the final quality and style fo the wine.  Answer the questions related to the three proecesses listed blow:

  • Chaptalisation:
    • What is added and at what stage in wine production is it added?
      • sugar from sources other than grapes are used.  Adjustments are made after pressing.
    • Why is this sometimes necessary and what effect does it have on the quality and style of the wine produced?
      • it is used when there is insufficient natural sugar in grapes.  It increases sugar levels in must to give satisfactory levels of quality before or after fermentation
  • Acidification:
    • What is added?
      • tartaric acid in powder form
    • Why is this sometimes necessary and what effect does it have on the quality and style of the wine produced?
      • if during ripening, grape acid has fallen too far
  • De-acidification prior to fermentation:
    • What is added?
      • Calcium carbonate and calcium tartrate-malate 
    • Why is it sometimes necessary and what effecdt does it have on the quality and style of the wine produced?
      • can be used in cooler climate regions when grape acid levels haven’t fallen sufficiently

You are in a bar with a friend and both order a glass of Champagne each.  Your friend asks how Champagne is made.  Using the headings below describe the process.

  • Grape Varieties:
    • Chardonnay
    • Pinot Noir
    • Meunier
  • Style of base wine:
    • neutral; clear
  • Blending:
    • consistency in wines (in a house style, or character of villages) from batch to batch
  • Liqueur de tirage:
    • a mixture of wine, yeast, sugar and clarifying agent
  • 2nd Fermentation:
    • generally takes 6-8 weeks in the bottle
    • slow fermentation allows for flavor development and sparkles
    • abv raised about 1.5 to 2%
  • Maturation:
    • yeast autolysis
      • bottle ageing to where the yeast breaks down over a series of months or years, contributing to bread, biscuit and toast notes
  • Riddling:
    • a process of slowly moving / rotating the bottle to a horizontal position to move sediment to the plastic crown insert under the crown cap
  • Disgorging:
    • freezing the neck of the bottle; removing crown cap to take sediment out of the wine
  • Dosage:
    • a mixture of wine and cane sugar that determines the final level of sweetness; used to balance acid
  • Finishing:
    • some further age in bottle allowing dosage to integrate with wine

Outline the likely differences in winemaking used for a youthful Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc compared to a premium Chardonnay from the same region

  • Sauvignon Blanc (Marlborough)
    • temperature controlled, anaerobic winemaking
  • Chardonnay
    • oak fermenting, mlf, lees ageing

Many New Zealand wines are sealed with screwcaps.  Give TWO advantages of this type of closure.

  • they do not taint wine
  • can provide an impermeable seal from the air

 

What factors make Hawke’s Bay suitable for producing high quality red wines?

  • Gimilbet Gravel soil is heated retaining 
  • well-drained, heat absorbing gravel soil

You are on a wine tour of Bordeaux and your party has stopped off at the vineyards of a famous Sauternes chateau.

  • Which grape varieties are permitted in Sauternes?
    • Semillon, Sauvignon Blanc, Muscadelle
  • The producer explains that botrytis cinerea is the key to the success of his wine.  What is botrytis cinerea?
    • noble rot
  • State 4 conditions needed for the ideal onset of noble rot.
    • damp conditions
    • humid  conditions
    • misty mornings
    • warm sunny days
    • delayed fungus appearance until grapes are ripe
  • Describe the effect noble rot has on the grape.
    • concentrates sugars and acids, generates flavors in the grape
  • How does the onset of noble rot affect how the grapes are harvested and what is the result on the final cost of the wine?
    • grapes must be manually harvested / selected
    • selected by effected bunches or individual grape selection
    • multiple passes through vineyard;  increase labor
  • The producer explains that in certain conditions botrytis cinerea can have a negative effect on grapes.  What are the consequences of this for the producer?
    • if conditions are too wet, fungus will spread too quickly and make Grey Rot (attacking immature berries and damaging green parts of the vine)
  • List 3 other sweet wines produced in Europe by this method.
    • Semillion / Sauvignon Blanc blends -> Barsac (Bordeaux)
    • Riesling -> Germany (Mosel)
    • Chenin Blanc -> Loire Valley (Coteaux de Layon)

The following question relates to the storage and serving of wine.

  • Describe the ideal conditions for long to medium term storage of wine.
    • cool and constant temperature (10-15C)
    • cork seals stored on its side
    • keep away from strong light
    • keep away from vibrations
  • What sort of problems can arise if these conditions are not met and how do these affect the wine?
    • too cold = cork harden; oxidation
    • dried cork (not on its side) = dry out; permit air, oxidation
    • strong light = heats wine, stale, old, unpleasant flavors
    • vibrations = disturb mixing of collards 
  • Name two methods used for preserving wine once opened and explain briefly how they work.
    • Methods
      • Vacuum systems
      • blanket systems
      • replace cork with refrigerate
    • How they work
      • vacuum systems -> remove air from the bottle; bottle is sealed (unsuitable for sparkling)
      • blanket system -> blanket wine with heavier than oxygen gas to create a protective layer
  •  
  • Wines should be served at the correct temperature for the style.  What is the effect of serving a red wine that is too cold?
      • will taste thing and harsh 
    • What is the effect if a white wine is overchillled?
      • can mask the flavor
  • What is the best way to warm up a wine that has been served too cold?
    • holding the bowl of the glass in your hands
  • What should you avoid when warming up a wine and why?
    • avoid overheating, wine will lose fruitiness and will taste murky, thick and muddy
  • Describe the correct process for opening and decanting a bottle of red wine.
    • remove the bottle from the rack horizontally
    • place in a decanting basket or hold carefully (as to not agitate the deposit)
    • remove top of capsule and clean shoulder and neck
    • remove cork
    • remove bottle from the basket; don’t disturb deposit
    • hold bottle in front of light
    • pour until deposit reaches neck and stop

Bordeaux wines are often bought for investment purposes and many are traded ‘en primeur’.  Explain what this is and state ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage of this practice.

  • Description:
    • a method  based on pre sales that seeks to create a cash flow management system to ease capital demands on the more prestigious properties in Bordeaux  
  • Advantage:
    • reduces exposure to cash flow problems derived from money associated with inventory
  • Disadvantage:
    • success depends on buyer’s surplus of  money and works best in economic booms

Briefly describe the St. Emilion classification system.

  • St-Emilion Grand Cru AC
  • St-Emilion Grand Cru Classe
  • St-Emilion Premier Classe
  • St-Emilion Premier Classe A (Chateau Chexal Blanc)
  • St-Emilion Premier Classe B (the rest)

 

A customer is looking for an alternative to Sauternes.  Name two ACs, either in Bordeaux or elsewhere in France, which produce LIGHT wines in a similar style

  • Barsac
  • Pessac – Leognan

Explain how the tank method is used to create a sparkling wine.

  • also known as Charmat or cuve close
  • 2nd fermentation in a tank, not a bottle
  • base wine, sugar, yeast nutrients, clarifying agent
  • paddles are used to stir up sediment = autolytic character

How does the tank method influence the style of wine produced?

  • it creates a lighter, ready to drink style of wine that highlights varietal character in aromatic and fruity varieties

Ruby Port is deeply colored and sweet with simple primary fruit flavors and warming alcohol.  How is this style achieved?

  • Deep color:
    • piston plungers and robotic lagars (regular punching down of the cap) are used to crush grapes and extract color for 24-> 36 hours before the wine is fortified and removed from skins
  • Sweetness:
    • a grape based spirit at 77% abv is added to the fermenting wine to prevent the yeast consuming all of the residual sugar.  The point of fortification determines the level of sweetness in the wine 

 

Why is Vintage Port more expensive than Ruby Port?

  • Vintage Port is made with a blend of the finest wines from the producers’s best vineyards.
  • Ruby Port is an inexpensive, young, non-vintage port that is less than 3 years old

Why does Vintage Port have a strong sediment?

  • the wine has been bottled without fining or filtration.  This allows for further development of complexity with additional bottle ageing

Name the two MOST effective methods for preserving wine once opened and explain briefly how they work.

  • Method 1:
    • Vacuum
  • How it works:
    • removing the oxygen from the bottle and resealing it
  • Method 2:
    • Blanket
  • How it works:
    • using a gas denser than oxygen to create a protective “blanket” between the oxygen and the wine

For the two wines below, describe the key production techniques and the resulting style of wine.

  • Barolo DOCG
    • production
      • shortened maceration time, rotary fermenters, (acidification and chaptalization are permitted but rarely used), aged minimum of 3 years (1.5 year of oak / bottle) 
    • style of wine:
      • tannic and acidic, ages well, red or black fruit when young, spicy notes when bottle aged
  • Amarone della Valpolicella DOCG
    • production:
      • similar to red wine production, in addition to pasito (dried grapes)
      • early harvest grapes that ensure acids remain high after drying
      • bunches are laid on mats or racks to dry (concentration of sugar and flavors)
    • style of wine:
      • red wine, chocolate, leather and dark rum, full bodied, intense flavor, dry, high levels of alcohol

With the exception of Chianti and its sub-zones, what are the otehr two DOCGs in Tuscany that produce wine from the Sangiovese grape variety?

  • Vino Nobile di Montepulciano
  • Brunello di Montepulciano

What are the two ways of achieving color in rose Champagne?

  • blending
  • bleeding
  • drawing off
  • direct pressing

The wine shown above has a very distinctive flavor characteristic.  What is this characteristic and how is it achieved?

  • Flavor characteristic:
    • Fino Style Wine
  • Describe how this wine is made:
    • solera system
    • wine is taken from the oldest average age
    • high fermenting temperature = neutral base wine
    • yeast converts sugar -> alcohol ->11% – 12% abv, dry
    • racked off lees, allowed to flor -> solera system

What are the  characteristics of wines made from this grape variety?

  • A grape crossing of Pinot Noir and Cinsault
  • full bodied, rich spiced red and black fruit notes

State one advantage and one disadvantage of ‘old vines’

  • Advantage:
    • increased concentration flavor, relatively stable/predictable levels of sugar and acid, early ripening
  • Disadvantage:
    • lower yields, diseases such as dead arm
  • Why is Stellenbosch suitable for the production of a range of premium quality wines?
    • ideal climate
    • cool winds, moderate summer
    • sufficient rainfall
    • variety of altitude, aspect, and soil in a small area

For the white wine shown above, indicate the grape variety used in its production and describe how the wine would typically taste.

  • Grape Variety
    • Chardonnay
  • Tasting Note:
    • toasty, buttery flavors, mlf, oak influence, dry, white wine, intensive flavor, medium alcohol, medium acidity, no tannins, full bodied

For the wine shown above, indicate the grape variety(ies) used in its production and describe the predominant aroma characteristics one would expect to find on the nose of this wine.

  • Grape Variety(ies)
    • Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot blend
  • Nose of the wine:
    • Black fruit:  blackcurrant, plum, black cherries, plum,
    • Red fruit:  cranberry, raspberry
    • Oak, leather, slight minerals

Suggest TWO wines from the list that could be offered as a suitable dessert wine and give reasons for your choice.

  • Wines:
    • Chateau Flureis-Barsac
    • Rheingau Riesling Auslese
  • Reasons:
    • a slight “tart taste” in the desert can enhance sweetness in the wine
      • off dry -> sweet can either enhance the taste of the sweetness in the wine if the dessert is acidic  based
    • when pairing wines with dessert, the wine should have at least the same, if not higher level of sweetness as the dessert, or the perception of bitterness will be increased

From the wine list above, suggest a suitable alternative to the Meursault wine (shown in the previous picture) based on quality level.

  • Puligny – Montrachet

Fro the same wine list, which wine would be the most appropriate alternative for a customer requiring a less expensive wine made from the same grape variety(ies)?

  • California Fume Blanc

Which wine, from the wine list provided would you recommend to a customer as a suitable alternative to the La Tour de By – Medoc wine (listed in the previous picture) and why?

  • Wine 
    • Chateau la Foret, St. Estephe
  • Reason
    • proximity of these two regions indicates slight parallels in vilification process and blending proportions

GOOD LUCK WITH YOUR EXAMS - EACH ONE TO TEACH ONE